Preprint No. 2998
Presented at the 89th AES Convention
1990 September 21-25
Los Angeles

ABSTRACT

In the perception of sound, early reflections are corrolated with the direct signal by the listener. Comb coloration effects arise when there are too few specular, coherent reflections. Masking develops with random phase, incoherent reflections. An early arriving, statistically diffuse group, composed of coherent reflections with random time offsets produces excellent sound fusion. Essentially an acoustic presence effect, applications include digital sampling, instrument and vocal recording, and speech therapy for hearing impaired.

0   INTRODUCTION

A clean, direct signal is the most common " signal of choice " in the recording world. The rationale is that any desired effect can always be added later with processing. Even the most primitive, one-man jingle shop has a tiny closet, its interior covered with sound absorptive foam or fiberglass. Inside the "box" is a basic vocal booth, a mic, windscreen and eventually, the talent.

An acoustic system has been developed to saturate the sound fusion (Haas effect) time period with a group of statistically diffuse coherent reflections. Three years ago, the design strategy, mechanical configurations and the acoustic signatures for this technique was introduced at the AES as a digital sampling booth. This acoustic conduction has since been coined QSF, which stands for "Quick Sound Field". Here is presented a follow up report covering some of the applications for this acoustic technique which have developed since its introduction.

1   BACKGROUND

An anechoic recording space may seem simple in concept but it is difficult in practice. Early reflections usually do exist - off of the script stand, paper, window, light fixtures, the floor and other patches of sound reflecting surface. A real-world vocal booth has any number of discrete reflections and resonance problems that add to and color the direct signal. A highly absorptive space that is somewhat acoustically dirty is most difficult for the engineer to mic and for talent to work in.

Mic placement is very sensitive to the coloration effects of discrete early reflections and resonance. The sound of the talent is colored by the effects of the mic position. Often, setting up means no more than choosing the best coloration effects. Since consistent sound of an audio track is very important to the engineer, dubs take an inordinate amount of time as the engineer fishes for mic and talent positions in the room, trying to recapture the coloration of the prior day's work.

A dead vocal booth provides little to no acoustic feedback for the talent. Talent suffers sensory deprivation while in the box. A monitor system is essential for talent to be able to adjust intonation in real time. Electronics and earphones are resorted to in the absence of a natural acoustic return. This then further contributes to isolation of the talent in that the direct sound path of their voice is also cut off. By the time traditional recording techniques have been applied, the only natural acoustic feedback left for talent is conduction through the jawbone.

Sensory deprivation and coloration effects found in a typical vocal booth limit its effectiveness. Time is a shortage commodity in the studio. Wasted time in any business, especially the recording studio is to be avoided. The typical vocal booth wastes studio time. Setting up a mic is a delicate time consuming balancing act - talent and mic position vs. room color. Retakes due to a lack of real time acoustic monitoring for the talent takes up additional studio time. A dub is very difficult to set up in order to recapture the original sound. And then, there is the post processing time spent in the effects rack trying to convert the track into a lifelike, naturally bright and open sound.

It is to be expected that the traditional vocal booth will eventually be redefined, steps taken to bolster its positive features and reduce the negative effects. One form of this is accomplished by putting to work the Haas effect in which early reflections are corrolated with the direct signal. By arranging for a diffuse group of coherent early reflections, the room coloration effects that appear when there are too few reflections are averaged out. Any low level discrete reflections that might remain are overwhelmed by the diffuse reflections. The diffusion must also be rapidly attenuated in order to not stretch into the echo effect time period, outside of 50 ms. Therefore, in addition to a strong diffusing function, this new class vocal booth must retain a very fast decay rate.

2   ETC - VO BOOTH

The generally recommended ETC for control rooms is a direct signal followed by an early time gap (ETG) due to a reflection-free zone. Outside of this is found a diffuse room ambience with an RT60 of about 1/5 to 1/2 second. The purpose of the ETG is to allow the engineer to hear local colorations of the signal at the mic. It is therefore 50 to 40 ms long, the time of the Haas or sound fusion effect.

The ETC for a voice over (VO) booth has to fit inside of the ETG of the control room. The VO Booth has to be at least 50 dB within the 55 ms ETG. The VO Booth RT60 ought to be on the order of 70 ms.

The only remaining detail is to establish the content of the decay envelope of the VO Booth. There are two phases to the very early reflections. Echolocation cues occur within the first 5 ms. Ambience and coloration effects occupy the balance of the time period.

The direct signal needs to have a 5 ms very early time gap (VETG). This allows time delay phase pan techniques to be used by the engineer. Beyond the echolocation time gap lies the rapidly decaying ambience signal.

If there are just a few discrete reflections, mic ambience is colored due to phase add and cancel effects. If there are no reflections, we have the dead room sound and no ambience. We could have many reflections at the mic. If they are orderly, as with a flutter echo, they would produce coloration. If disorderly, they would create colorless ambience. However, the quality of these reflections needs to be carefully specified.

Fig. 1 - ETC Control Room

Fig. 2 - ETC VO Booth

3   COHERENT OR INCOHERENT REFLECTIONS

The ear/brain system is a sound processor. But, so is a mic/spectrum analyzer. While they both recognize the spectral character of sound, there are important differences. The ear/brain acts as a correlation type signal detector. The very early reflections are correlated with the direct signal. By this process the early reflections are additive to and enhance the definition of the perceived signal. This is not news - it is the well known Haas, precedence, or sound fusion effect.

On the other hand, a correlation signal processor differentiates between two types of echo. The coherent reflection has a simple time delay offset but otherwise is a phase aligned representation of the direct signal. An incoherent reflection can also be time delayed but is a phase scrambled representation of the direct signal.

A coherent reflection can have the same spectral content as an incoherent reflection. They would look identical to a spectrum analyzer. However, the isolated coherent reflection would produce comb filter, phase add and cancel effects when added to the direct signal. The single incoherent reflection would simply add sound power to the direct signal. In correlation signal enhancement only coherent signals are processed into a spectral display- Incoherent signals such as noise, reverberation and including random phase reflections mask the spectral detail of the direct signal. (This is easily audited by listening to harmonic detail of a plucked guitar string with and without random phase reflections in the rearfield.)

An envelope of statistically diffuse but coherent early reflections that lies within the 50 ms time window of the Haas effect comprises a near field ambience effect that adds to the quality of the direct signal. The composite signal has more top end, is brighter and more natural. It is a more open sound and with air. Statistically diffuse, Haas effect ambience is an acoustic enhancement technique that puts signal that the engineers prefer onto tape.

4   THE HAAS BOX

This class of vocal booth must retain a very fast decay rate and in addition develop a strong diffusion function. It typically has an RT-60 decay time of 80 to 100 ms and a diffusion rate of over 1000 reflections per second. The booth has absorbers and reflectors distributed over its entire interior surface. The component of direct sound that hits a reflector is backscattered, partially back towards the mic, partially into an absorptive strip and partially onto other reflectors. This process uses only specular and diffractive diffusion to maintain the coherent quality in its early reflections.

The mean free path in these small rooms is about 4 feet. The broadband absorption coefficient is about 50%. That means the expanding wave front loses about 5 dB every 4 ms. This pencils out to a 60 dB decay in 80 ms and to a 60 dB decay in 80 ms. The wall of such a vocal booth would likely have reflectors alternating with absorption on about 9 inch centers. A 5 foot wide wall would splinter a flat wave front into maybe 7 separately expanding reflections. This sound scattering process continues throughout the decay. The result is easily counted in the ETC and one to two separate reflections per millisecond is the diffusion pate. For all practical purposes, the mic receives a direct signal followed by 4 to 5 ms of no sound; then, as the first arrivals hit, so begins the controlled decay/diffusion process in the room.

A typical vocal booth has a window. In designer studios it would be tilted to not reflect signal into the mic. In a highly diffuse/absorptive room there should not be a large area of untreated reflection regardless of the angle. Current practice in these rooms sees tall, absorptive/reflective wall mounted acoustic units with narrow strips of wall space between. The free wall space between the acoustic control units can easily be glass or plexiglass strips which provides a mope open feeling in an otherwise small room. Visual openness contributes to mope comfort for the talent in long recording sessions.

The statistical populated envelope of very early, coherent reflections is essential to the stability of the acoustic space inside the booth. Engineers report a wide and smooth acoustic space. They even lose track of which mic is open and have to mark the faders. Usually, in a more traditional rooms an engineer simply hears which mic is where. In a statistically diffuse space, the mic position can be changed without changing the envelope. It is the envelope that is distinguishable and not its internal detail. Moving the mic only changes the fine structure as to which reflection arrives when and how strongly. This does not change the statistical envelope or the quality of sound. In a room 4 foot by 6 foot, there would be a 2 x 4 foot central area in which the sound remains uniform, regardless of mic or sound source location.

The floor plane is a large reflecting surface. It is left untreated, to be an acoustic mirror effectively doubling the height of the room. Ceiling treatment must be accordingly more severe to keep the vertical decay and diffusion rate up with that of the walls.

Fig. 3 - QSF Vocal Booth

5   VOICE OVER GOBO

The Haas ambience effect can be approximated out in the open room or field - of course, not to the degree available in an iso booth format, but this QSF gobo setup boosts the signal to noise ratio at the mic by 5 to 7 dBA. This is accomplished by increasing the "direct" signal strength I to 2 dB while reducing the room noise by 4 to 5 dB.

This " gobo " is not the large, flat rug-covered plywood gobo of years past. The present method is to use a set of 7 to 9 sound control units, typically placed on 18" centers in a horseshoe pattern. The mic is located in the middle and the talent occupies the open heel end of the pattern. These Traps have two sides. The broadband absorptive side faces outward to intercept inbound room noise and reflections. The membrane reflective side, effective 400 Hz and above, faces inward to produce the statistical group of early coherent reflections. In this system, absorption is replaced by transmission. Sound is not absorbed between the reflectors. It is leaked out of the space. In either case controlled decay and diffusion take place.

Fig. 4 - QSF Vocal Gobo

Gain of the "direct" signal is accomplished by adding very early multiple reflections of the direct signal to the direct signal. This is completed within the first 50 ms of the sound fusion time period. Although sound fusion generally lasts 50 to 60 ms, a "smearing" accompanies the presence of strong, late high frequency reflections. This is undesirable for the recording engineer. The end of the sound fusion period marks the onset of echo detection. For lower frequencies the echo onset time is later and for highs, sooner than 50 ms.

In the QSF method of developing the statistical ambience, the comb filter effect associated with any individual reflection does not occur due to the large number of random time offset reflections. With 20 to 50 reflections occupying a time span of 20 to 25 ms, the comb filter effect that would arise with any one reflection is obscured by the averaging effect of the other reflections.

Fig. 5 - QSF ETC, 0-20 ms

A good signal at the mic can be time delayed for stereo phase pan positioning. The echolocation process occurs within the first 5 ms following the direct signal. Because of the distance between the mic and the reflecting side of the gobo, no reflections arrive within the first 5 ms. The direct signal is well isolated for control in the mix.

Not only is the direct signal enhanced but the ambient noise floor is reduced at the mic by this technique. The backside of each Trap is broadband absorptive and facing outwards towards the room. Sound in the room is absorbed before it gets to the mic.

Sound that does penetrate the perimeter is weakened because the wavelet expands due to diffractive edge effects. Easily a 5 dBA noise level reduction is noted inside the gobo. There may be times when a stronger signal to room noise is required. The closer the Traps are to each other the less outside noise they will let in so the direct signal becomes stronger.

Fig. 6 - QSF Gobo Isolation

Noise in a room also originates with the talent. Sound does leak out between the traps. Some of this is attenuated by the absorptive half of the trap and the remainder expands rapidly due to edge diffraction effects. The sound leaked to the room is rapidly diffusing. The important feature is that a sound from such a gobo produces no flutter effect. Sound that does bounce off a wall is absorbed by the backside of the gobo traps. The system can also be used near walls with minimal impact.

Fig. 7 - A Diffusive 'Source'

Incidentally, another application of such a gobo system takes advantage of its reversibility. If all the Traps are rotated then the full bandwidth absorptive side faces the mic. This creates the traditional dead sounding vocal booth. By adjusting a pair of reflectors slightly inward, the interior diffusive top end can be brought up. This is best done in pairs to take advantage of diffusive multiple scattering available from facing reflecting surfaces.

Fig. 8 - Dead Configuration